Толковый словарь английского языка Oxford English Reference - shall
Shall
shall
v.aux. (3rd sing. present shall; archaic 2nd sing. present shalt as below; past should) (foll. by infin. without to, or absol.; present and past only in use) 1 (in the 1st person) expressing the future tense (I shall return soon) or (with shall stressed) emphatic intention (I shall have a party). 2 (in the 2nd and 3rd persons) expressing a strong assertion or command rather than a wish (cf. WILL(1)) (you shall not catch me again; they shall go to the party). Usage For the other persons in senses 1, 2 see WILL(1). 3 expressing a command or duty (thou shalt not steal; they shall obey). 4 (in 2nd-person questions) expressing an enquiry, esp. to avoid the form of a request (cf. WILL(1)) (shall you go to France?). Phrases and idioms shall I? do you want me to? Etymology: OE sceal f. Gmc
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1.
verb (past should; present singular & plural ~) Etymology: Middle English shal (1st & 3d singular present indicative), from Old English sceal; akin to Old High German scal (1st & 3d singular present indicative) ought to, must, Lithuanian skola debt Date: before 12th century verbal auxiliary 1. archaic will have to ; must, will be able to ; can, 2. a. — used to express a command or exhortation b. — used in laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory 3. a. — used to express what is inevitable or seems likely to happen in the future b. — used to express simple futurity 4. — used to express determination intransitive verb will go , Usage: From the reams of pronouncements written about the distinction between ~ and will—dating back as far as the 17th century—it is clear that the rules laid down have never very accurately reflected actual usage. The nationalistic statements of 18th and 19th century British grammarians, who commonly cited the misuses of the Irish, the Scots, and occasionally the Americans, suggest that the traditional rules may have come closest to the usage of southern England. Some modern commentators believe that English usage is still the closest to the traditionally prescribed norms. Most modern commentators allow that will is more common in nearly all uses. The entries for ~ and will in this dictionary show current usage. ...Толковый словарь английского языка
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